一些早期华人的信息. http://www.washingtonhistory.org
这是一个关于排华法案24页的初中和高中教材。
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/files/library/CEAlessonPlan.pdf
排华前后发生了什么？那么当年的华人是否逆来顺受还是奋起抗争呢？
这个教程中第17页明确提到 华人发动的 美国有史以来( 当时）最大的 10万人的civil disobedience.
The Chinese Expulsion Act was followed by the Geary Act, 10 years later. This Act forbade the entry of all Chinese people into the United States. It also forced Chinese immigrants to wear photo identity cards around their necks in order to prove their legal status.
More than 100,000 Chinese-Americans refused this government order to wear these cards. This was the largest mass civil disobedience in United States history
at this time in history。
那么当时华人口有多少呢？ 参与程度如何？ 根据Wikipedia （1）, 当时亚裔人口大约10.5 万到10.7万。几乎是人人参与了。
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 4,018 | — |
| 1860 | 34,933 | +769.4% |
| 1870 | 63,199 | +80.9% |
| 1880 | 105,465 | +66.9% |
| 1890 | 107,488 | +1.9% |
| 1900 | 89,863 | −16.4% |
| 1910 | 71,531 | −20.4% |
| 1920 | 61,639 | −13.8% |
| 1930 | 74,954 | +21.6% |
| 1940 | 77,504 | +3.4% |
| 1950 | 117,629 | +51.8% |
那么这个时期美国人口又是什么样子呢？根据Wikipedia（2） 可以明显地看到美国人口飞速增长的1890-1920年期间 华人人口锐减。其中的辛酸可能是很难用文字表达。
| Census | US Population | %± |
| 1850 | 23191876 | 36% |
| 1860 | 31443321 | 36% |
| 1870 | 38558371 | 23% |
| 1880 | 49371340 | 28% |
| 1890 | 62979766 | 28% |
| 1900 | 76212168 | 21% |
| 1910 | 92228531 | 21% |
| 1920 | 106021568 | 15% |
| 1930 | 123202660 | 16% |
| 1940 | 132165129 | 7% |
| 1950 | 151325798 | 15% |
2. 此后 Chinese-Americans continued to struggle against prejudice in the country which they had come to call home.教程特别提到
The community began to share their resources, forming business. It was their struggle in two court cases, Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) (3) and Wong Kim v. United States (1898) that led to changes in citizenship laws. As a result of these court decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the citizenship of any person born in the United States.
Also confirmed was equal protection of the law for all citizens, regardless of race or nationality.
美国诉黄金德案（英语：United States v. Wong Kim Ark）169 U.S. 649 (1898)，是一起美国联邦最高法院判决所有在美国出生的人都是美国公民的里程碑式案例。判决在解读美利坚合众国宪法第十四条修正案的公民权条款上建立了重要的判决先例。(4)
这个案子有人早在2011年就写过 http://blog.wenxuecity.com/myblog/7358/201110/9890.html
第14 修正案 （5） 的网页上说 ‘In 1898 the Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, ruled that a child born in the United States to non-citizen parents was a United States citizen under the Fourteenth Amendment’.(5) 最高法院的文本在参考文献6。
为啥要排华呢，在这个教程的第19页，历史学家 Richard White写到：
简而言之，华人吃苦卖力可以，要是从事较好的工作就不允许了。华人太勤奋了，白人自己感觉跟不上了！-似曾相识的感觉。。。
排华法案因何废止呢？ 有人说是60年代的民权运动，这有些时空倒转。排华法案于1943 年废止， This change came about in part because of the United States’ entry into World War II. 原来是美国在第二次世界大战期间对中国的需要。 在1943 年废止的同时允许每年105名华人归化入籍。 当时美国人口大约1.3-1.5亿，中国人口大约4亿，世界人口约少于20亿。套用现在的时髦说法，给华人移民的配额是grossly under-represented.
介绍本地 华州排华史
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/files/library/chineseexclusion_001.pdf
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/files/library/WAExclusion.pdf
查询chinese 结果如下
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/search.aspx?q=Chinese
这里我们可以提交研究课题 ， 深入了解了一下， 他们属于专业查找资料 不会去直接些历史文章。 属于专业文献检索。
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/research/research-center/research-request/
位于 Tacoma WA 平日10点到下午五开门。会员费用如下：
http://www.washingtonhistory.org/support/membership/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States
- https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/356/case.html
- https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark
- http://www.loc.gov/law/help/citizenship/fourteenth_amendment_citizenship.php
- https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/169/649/case.html